Which statement regarding respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is incorrect?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is primarily associated with immature lung development, especially in preterm infants, where insufficient surfactant production leads to atelectasis (the collapse of alveoli). The condition is characterized by difficulty breathing due to inadequate lung expansion and decreased compliance.

The statement about RDS being self-resolving within about 72 hours with appropriate supportive care is generally accurate. While RDS can be serious, many infants recover with proper intervention, including oxygen therapy and respiratory support until their lungs mature and surfactant levels are sufficient.

Hypothermia can indeed exacerbate respiratory distress in preterm infants. Cold stress can lead to increased oxygen demand and worsen respiratory failure, making this statement plausible.

However, saying that RDS is always related to congenital anomalies is incorrect. While some congenital anomalies can contribute to respiratory difficulties, RDS itself is primarily a consequence of prematurity and surfactant deficiency, not solely due to structural or congenital issues. Many infants with RDS do not have any congenital anomalies but are simply born before their lungs have matured fully. Thus, the assertion that RDS is always linked to congenital anomalies misrepresents the condition's etiology.